APLYING VERNALIS THEORY TO A MUSIC VIDEO

I chose this video to analyse as it the same artist we chose for our track. Firstly, Vernalis says that there is not necessarily a balance between narrative and performance. In this video there is more performance than narrative. The narrative is about the members of the PCD coming together to perform a dance in the studio. The music and the performance is what drives the music video forward, with the performance being of shots of the different members of the band.  The music video is edited to the beat. For example at 0.53 to 0.57 the cuts between the artists go with the lyrics of the song. The same goes for the opening of the music video where the camera cuts to all the members of the band with the beat.
Like Vernalis says, in a music video there are many shot types with extremes being very common. In this music video there are extreme close ups that run throughout. For example at 1.00, the shot of the sound system adds to the RnB genre of the video. The performance shot of Nicole Sherzinger with Will.I.Am is used regularly throughout the music video in order to promote the artists and help sell their album.
Moving to the diegesis of the music video, the artists move in beat to the music. With the opening of the video being in slow motion, this fits in with the first beat.  Actions or dance moves are never completed as this would make the music video very boring and predictable. There are also many repetitions throughout the music video. For example the music phrases, the beat, lyrics, performances and camera positions

NISHA AND LOREN LIPSYNCH

This is our lipsynch that we used as practice for our real video.
From watching this we have decided that Nisha will be better singing the main vocals and Loren will be better singing the backing vocals as Nisha looks as if she has a stronger voice.
Both Loren and Nisha work well in front of the camera, therefore we both equally be performing in our music video.
The voices look a lot older than the actresses, therefore in order to make the lipsynching look more realistic we will need to dress up very sophisticated with lots of makeup etc.

Analyisng an album cover

Typical features of an album cover
- Main image of solo artist or band
- Colour scheme (can be black and white or in colour)
- Signature font/typeface
- Logo/visual motif
- Links to the artist websites
-Track listing
- Institutions
- Date of release
- Bar code
- Front, back and spine

How would you catergorise the covers?

- Genre

- Gender

-Era

- Number of the album (debut, 1st, 2nd, 3rd)

- Target audience

- Link to style; photography, artwork, animation

- special editions

- career

-mainstream or alternative/niche

What are the different functions of an album cover?

-Creates identity; makes the band/artist and music distinctive

- Helps sell the artist/songs on the album/their music

-Captures audience and pursuades them to buy the album

- Visual representations

- Has to sell the genre

- Promotes the producer/record label

Album cover

LADY GAGA ALBUM COVER


ALBUM COVER

- A shot from a scene in the music video of the hit single 'poker face'. Fans would've watched the video over and over and therefore automatically know the album is Lady Gagas'
- Extreme close up of the singer facing the camera. This creates impact and draws in the audience
- 'The fame' (the album name) is clearly visible as it is types in white. It is illustrated by Lady Gaga's huge sunglasses, and the collection of diamond in one of the reflected in them. This shows the glamours, rich, famous life she lives.
- The only other font is 'Lady Gaga' leaving no room for the audience to get distracted by anything else that is going on the album cover.


THE BACK

- Colour scheme is similar to the colour of the diamonds on the front cover, making a connection between the two.

- Follows the typical conventions of the artist websites/institutions and the bar code.

- The low key lighting, make-up, costume and hair style makes her look very glamourous - anchoring the album name 'The fame'

- The signer and album name is written again on the left side of the back cover, read from left to right and typed vertically. This prevents the audience from getting distracted from the main image and the track names.

- The track names are written towards the left of the album back, with an extra bonus track 'I like it rough.' This encourages fans to buy the album as they know they'll hear her forthcoming release before everyone else, making them feel special.

Album cover

GIRLS ALOUD - tangled up

- Play on words, girls are trapped their small frames of the CD

- All singers are directly addressing the camera, enticing the audience.

- Shows the importance of each singer - they all have an equal amount of space on the album cover, showing they're a band with equal roles.

- White strappy tops with ties up hair, making them look sexy yet sophisticated

- Trapped with a rope/string. Again, play on words with 'tangled up'

Analysing Album covers

- Black and white colour scheme. This gives the impression that the singer is a 'classic, well known, all time' singer.
- An image of one of Michael Jackson's well known dance steps. Fans will automatically know the CD album is his by this image even though it doesn't show the singers face
- Black shoes, white socks. Iconography of Michael Jackons dress sense.

- 'Michael Jackon' is the first thing you read on the album. This is because he himself will help sell the album.

- The song names are typed in a small font, preventing the audience from getting distracted from the main image.

- Breaks the typical convention of the track names being at the back of the album.
- The feet are in a spotlight, this shows the significance of the singer
- The famous signature dance move features in other Michael Jackson products,(i.e posters) linking all of his merchandise together.

- The black, white and red colour scheme is also evident in most of his album covers

.

Goodwins theory- Ciara, promise

Institutional/reference information
I am analysing Ciara- Promise as I think it is a great one to use for inspiration. The music video fits into the genre of RnB hiphop. The characteristics which show this is a street dance routine, clothing - big hoodies, tracksuit bottoms, chunky tainers, a black singer who wears a lot of make up and 'bling'

What is the relationship between lyirics and visuals?
This is a performance based video, therefore there is no relation between lyrics and visuals. In the beginning she announces she is single and wants a guy to just 'hold her' so perhaps the performance is just for her to show off her talent and through it find a guy right for her.

What is the realationship between music and visuals?
Most imporatantly, the edits match the pace of the music. It cuts to the beat a lot. If the pace is slow, the editing is fast. If there is a slow bit (i.e singing solo without instruments) the editing is very slow, mirroring the music.
At 2.10 when Ciara sings 'do, do, do' and 'you, you, you' the camera shot changes, emphasising the beat of the song.

Are there closeups of the artist and star image motifs?
The record company is looking to sell this track through the artist and the choreography. Therefore there are four beauty shots of her. The artist is portrayed as sexy, confident and clearly a dancer. Likewise, in many of her previous music videos. For example, goodies, never ever, like a boy, are all very dance related. They use her strength to sell the track.

Is there reference to the notion of looking?
The artist is definitely a sexual display for the audience. This is shown through her clothing/(lack of clothes) and her dance routines. There are many grinding movements in the dance video, with a silhouette of her in a white background - This attracts the male audience. Also she uses the mic stand as a dancing pole. These features have been chosen to help sell the track.

Are there intertextual references?
The music video relates to the star's image, as she is known for being a great dancer from her previous music videos.

Is the music video performance- based, narrative-based or concept based?
The music video is solely performance based

Analysing a music video of my choice - 'Promise' by Ciara

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vPyzCHgZ88&feature=channel


I'm so fascinated by this music video and think it is a great video to use for inspiration as it is also performance based. The lighting throughout is very lowkey making it look very classy and expensive. There are four beauty shots of Ciara - a silhouette of her dancing, her dancing in trackies, her on the chair with red heels, and oe of her with the mike stand.
There is a whole range of camera shots, from close ups, low angle tracks, high angle shots, mid shots, and extreme long shots. This keeps the audience engaged throughout as they dont get bored from seeing one shot over and over again. Although there are back up dancers, during the dance routines the camera always focuses on Ciara, making her the centre of attention. This helps sell the artist. The choreography is brilliant, which is essential to produce a successful music video.

MYSPACE AND ARTIST WEBSITES DECONSTRUCTION

Michael Jackson

www.myspace.com/michaeljackson

- Colour scheme: black and white. This usually connotes aged and traditional, connoting he is a classic singer who has been famous for decades.

- A silhouette of the singer which is the focus of the page. This sells the artist and makes him the main icon of the page. The still dance movement is of him on his tip-toes. This is one of his signature dance moves.

- 'His music will live forever' this shows his significance in the music industry and how he'll never be forgotten.

- Add to friends /leave a commment; allowing people to communicate and share their opinions about the legend over the myspace page.

-Automatic music playlist; allowing the audience to listen to his classic hits whilst cruising his page, also allowing them to become aware of songs them may have not heard of before.

- View photos/view videos; The audience can reminise over the great singer and his greatest moments.

- Send Michael Jackson a text; This allows his greatest fans feel special and 'text Michael' there thoughts rather than posting them on his page (more personal aswell).

- Top 4 friends - This is it movie. Legacy Recordings. The Jacksons. Akon. - This is an indirect way of advertising his forth coming movie, greatest hits and his partner in PYT - Akon. His 827068 will see his four top friends when them go on his page.

Pussycat Dolls

http://www.pussycat-dolls.net/pussycat-dolls/


- A huge banner which holds a black and white group photo of pussy cat dolls.
- The 'Pussycat dolls' icon in the middle of the image, and in colour - making it stand out. The shiny effect makes it look special and valuable.
- Individual profiles allowing the audience to get to know each of the singers individually.

- Lyrics page; fans can sing along

- Calendar; keeping fans up to date with where they will be performing next.

- Freebies; Downloading wallpapers, icons. This is a great way to market the band.

- Gallery; shows photos of the fans (shows off their image)

- Multimedia; both audio and video for fans who want to listen to their music whilst cruising their page.

- Artist briefing; allows fans to know more about the band. I.e how they formed, and The Pussycat Dolls career.

Some useful tips for our music video:

Today we had Jasmine Blackborrow, who has experienced working in the real media world come talk to us and give us tips about our music video. Here are a few of the most important, useful tips she gave us:

- Firstly, you should always have more than one idea. Whether it is for the treatment, location or even actors. Something may come up such as the someone not liking your idea or one of the actors may not be able to be make it. If you have a back up you would not waste any time or panick about what to do.
- Referencing from other music videos. Try watching as many music videos as you can and take into account ideas that you especially like and can use in your own music video.
- Make a storyboard - This is crucial as it allows other members of the group to visualise your idea exactly how you want it to be.
- Write out shots you want for every verse and plan ahead. Or the day will come, and you will have no idea what to shoot on particular lines.

GENRE

RnB and HipHop


Above is a music video by one of my favourite RnB singers - Akon.
RnB music tends to be based around relationships, love life or fighting for life/escaping. In contrast to other genres, RnB music is more slick and classy. Classic outfits are: Black suits, Hoodies, Trainers, Bling, Flat caps etc. RnB music involves a lot of street dance and tends to have a more voyeuristic view of women than other genres.
Typically, the rhythm section consists of a drum kit, bass (electric or acoustic), piano (sometimes organ instead of or in addition to piano), and guitar, while the horn section features saxophones, trumpets, and occasionally trombones. The emphasis on the horn section in most styles of R&B has been one of the ways in which the music has historically been differentiated from white rock music, which has tended to be guitar dominated.

80's pop

Madonna - Lucky Star

An obvious feature of 80's music is the outfits worn. Classic outfits include: Crop-tops, Leggings, Big bows, Nets etc

In this music video Madonna wears red lipstick, black frilly clothing and has BIG HAIR. - A classic 80's style! The dance routine itself is very pop, and the continuous beauty shots throughout the music video is most common in pop videos, however most genres do this as it helps sell the singer.

Music Industry Marketing

After lask week's introduction to the money-fuelled world that is music marketing, we got set some work to do on the 4P's of music marketing. These are: Products, Place, Price andPromotion.
1. Summarising in your own words what the 4Ps of music marketing are. Use the following categories:
a) What band/artist related products can audiences buy?
They can buy CD singles, albums, merchandise e.g. t-shirts, key rings,freebies etc

b) Where can audiences buy/listen to music/merchandise/hardware?
Place; TV, Music channels, bus-stop/bill boards, posters, radio, internet Music festivals, gigs, youtube, band, pop-ups

Price; Freebies, Discount coupons, vouchers, offers (shops are more expensive than then internet), illegal downloading is free. For example: www.limewire.com)

Product:

Internet stores, the band website, myspace.com, music downloading sites, record stores, radios, television on specialized music channels, gigs and concerts, music festivals, adverts for the band

c) Give 2 or 3 examples of paid-for/subscription based and free products.
Examples of free products are free music downloads, free episodes to watch online, free tickets to a gig when you pre order a CD.
Examples of paid for/subscription products are CD'S or albums bought from music stores or online, music magazines which you can subscribe to, merchandise such as clothing.

d) List between 5 and 10 examples of creative music marketing strategies (including at least 3 internet based examples).

• Adidas are using the famous artists and sports stars to promote their product to specific audience by showing adverts on television which has a large audience, getting more coverage of both the product and the stars. Yes, on TV between the correct shows to reach the correct audiences.

• Lily Allen’s single The Fear is being promoted via a viral music game. The instant gratification of this type of game makes it inherently viral. They are potentially reaching a new audience who are not listening to the radio or reading the music press.

• Samsung: Bebo and Samsung are teaming up to promote their new Beat phone over the internet in a online series. It will be interactive and allow the audience to interact through blogs, upload track reviews, share music news and win chances to appear in episodes. They will also be trying to find a co-presenter for the show and are also offering live performances from White Lies and The Maccabees to promote the series

• Jamie Cullum launched ‘The Advent Cullumdar’ on 1st December which houses £20,000 worth of Christmas gifts behind its virtual windows, including AC/DC tickets, John Legend concert tickets, 10 CDs from Universal and a Nokia Comes With Music phone.

• Lenka's song The Show was the iTunes free download of the week in September 2008, which promoted her whole self-titled album, pushing up sales

e) Who is frukt uk and what is their mission statement/company ethos?

They are a specialist music marketing agency. They develop and create ideas that use music as a way to market products. Their ideas are creatively bold and distinct and created with a collaboration of their team and other agencies. They deal with music alone and use both on and offline ways to market products.

Music videos and lyrics over time

The way you make me feel - Michael Jackson 1987



Pretty Ricky - Grind on me 2006

After listening to a variety of music from the 80's (such as 'John Lennon - Stand by me' and 'Michael Jackson - The way you make me feel'), i noticed how song lyrics have changed significantly over time. In the late 90's women had more respect and were treated as 'goddesses or stars' through lyrics. They talk about how a girl is so special and how they need a girl to just 'stand by them'

Standing in stark contrast are the lyrics of more modern songs such as 'I want to fuck you - Akon' and 'Gring on me - Pretty Ricky.' The lyrics are extremely derogative and present a voyeuristic view of women - They tend to represents women as a sex object.

Lady Gaga - Case Studies

1. Summarise the changing image of the band/artist as it has developed over time. It might also be useful to summarise the music genre also.

• Mainly influenced by glam rockers such as David Bowie and Quenn, pop artists such as Madonna and Michael , artist Andy Warhol, poet Rainer Maria Rilke and fashion icon Grace Jones.
• Her music structure is very similar to 1980's pop and 1990's Europop.
• Music that is a mixture of both dance and rock.
• Said to be extremely into fashion and inspired by her mother.
• She has her own creative team called Haus of Gaga who put together all her costumes, stage props and hair dos.
• Said to have drawn inspiration from Christina Aguilera, Gwen Stefani and Madonna.
• Considers her muse as Donatella Versace.
• She is seen as the rising gay icon and a lot of her success is down to the gay community.
• Markets herself a lot to the gay community as some of her first performances were to the gay community. One of her early performances was singing 'Just Dance' at the San Francisco Pride event and a later on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, two hugely rated events by the gay community therefore setting herself up as a gay icon.
• Early in her career she decided to focus on pop music to differenciate herself from the underground rockers of New York and took part in burlesque shows where a lot of her fashion inspiration still comes from.
• Was nicknamed 'Lady Gaga' early in her career after the Queen song 'Radio Ga Ga' due to her vocal style similar to Freddie Mercury and is still compared to Queen now.
• Begun performing with fellow burlesque dancer Lady Starlight and their show was known as 'The Ultimate Pop Burlesque Rockshow'. People still say her music has a rock n roll edge and compare her style to burlesque dancers showing she has not changed for the public very much.
• Used her history to help to market her nowadays and make her stand out from the crowd.

2. Who are the fans? Do you have any sense of how the music companies have segmented the audiences? To what extent has the branding of a band been linked to target audience?

• The gay community are make up the majority of Lady Gaga's fans.
• Performed two of her debut concerts to target the gay community specifically, one at San Francisco Pride event and one on The Ellen DeGeneres crowd.
• Outrageous clothing, makeup and hair which appeals to the gay community.
• Her lyrics have underlying bisexual meaning which the marketing companies draw on in the videos and therefore appeals to the gay community.
• Her revealing and provocative clothing appeal to the male audience.
• The dancing and pop theme throughout her songs appeal to the younger generation.
• The influences from older bands appeal to the older generation.
• The use of male models in her videos appeals to both the female audience and gay audience.
• She markets herself in a feminist way which appeals to women

3) What marketing strategies can you identify? What kinds of stategies can you list?(above/below-the line? unexpected promo stunts? etc). List any examples of the use of synergy with other industries to promote other media/products in connection with a band/artist

Lady Gaga has achieved her prestige through a variety of different marketing strategies. She has her own official website, the look of the website is very trendy and bold - mirroring her personality. An image of the official website is shown below. Here is the link http://www.ladygaga.com/events. She also as her own myspace page www.myspace.com/ladygaga which automatically starts playing music as soon as you log onto her page. This promotes her music straight away and allows her fans to become aware of her latest tracks which they may or may not be aware of yet. Furthermore she has her official fan club on http://www.facebook.com/ where she currently has 105,527 fans. Furthermore she works in synergy with 'Heartbeats' to promote 'high resolution in-ear headphones' -http://www.ladygaga.com/

Having a deeper looker into music videos

This song is called 'Everytime I see her (Another Chance) - sound of Eden.' For our media project, I think this i an excellent video to look at for inspiration because every shot, setting, characters and costume would fit in to our budget. This is a narrative music video and the lyrics illustrate the image. Howerver, they only illustrate oen characters point of view (the geeky boy with golden curly hair).
Below are the lyrics of the song.

Here's another chance for you to dance for me (4x)

I never thought I could feel this way
about someone like you
And yes she is responsible for everything I do
She's not too easy
She can afford to be a teast
She stands out from the rest, that girl has qualities I've never seen

Every time i see her
Every time i see the girl
Every time i see her
Every time i see the girl

She leaves me breathless
No one could take the place of you
You can look but you can't touch
'cause what I feel for her is true
I might sound possessive but if you see her you'd know why
She looks good everywhere she goes
She could turn your head as she goes by, that's why

Every time i see her
Every time i see the girl
Every time i see her
Every time i see the girl


The openeing shot is of the girl running somewhere in her school uniform. From here we know that she is a young school girl (in year 11 or younger) and therefore we can automatically asume that this music video will be light-hearted. We, as the audience, are then taken into a long shot to see her running into a school. This is then followed by a poster which reads 'School Dance' from there we know what the music video will be based on. From the first few shots in the classroom, the audience are already aware of the love triange. The way in which these shots are editied specify that the main girl is 'in love' with the cool boy with blonde hair.

The close ups and POV shots allow the audience to really empathise with her feelings towards him. At the same time, the shots between these two characters are split with a shot of another boy at the back of the class. His gesture and face expressions shows that he is 'in love' with that girl. The camera tends to focus mostly on the main girl and the cool boy (this mirrors the significance of them two in comparison to the geeky boy)

The cool boy decides to play along and tells the girl he will meet her at the school dance. The audience however, know that this is all a big joke. The long shot of the geeky boy in the playground also makes him look isolated and lonely.

The long shot of the girl walking to the school dance is paired with the lyrics 'She leaves me breathless.' Again, this is in view of the geeky boy who fancies her. The lyrics throughout this song contradict what the cool boy thinks about her.
At the school dance the camera switches between P.OV of the girl and a close up of the geeky boy watching her every movement on the other side of the dance floor. As soona as the girl sees her 'dance partner' and another girl kissing the camera contrast turns poor quality and the sharpness is reduced. This allows the audience to empathise with her depression and confusion; almost as if she can't believe what she is seeing - its like a dream.
As she runs off the dance floor and down the stairs a hand held shot follows her. This creates anxiety. The unstableness of the camera mirrors her unstable self: how insecure she is feeling.

Questions from Carol Vernallis

3.8) CV says the camera in MV seems to mimic the way we view sonic space. Do you agree? Do you think we are conditioned by MV to read sonic space in particular ways?


Yes do agree with what she suggests. During a film it is much easier as the shots are much longer. Contrastingly in a music video the shots are much quicker paced therefore there is less time for the audience to focus on anything but what is being shown during the music video. The bright colours and entertainment keeps the audience engaged throughout the whole music video. It is also much easier to realise earlier on in a film whether or not you are enjoying it, than it is on a music video.

3.10) She suggests that the jumping camera focus is like the camera in place of our eyes, doing what we do when we listen. However, this is predefined for us by the Director - we have even less choice to look away/outside of the Director's choice when we do in film - do you agree?

Yes i do agree. In a music video the sharp, quick cuts keeps the viewer engaged throughout, keeping hold of their attention. The quick editing gives the viewer no time to lose focus as something new is always being shown on the screen, therefore we, the audience, will only focus on what the director wants us to focus on.

3.23) She says MV experience is more like listening than viewing - do you agree?

This depends on what kind of music video it is. In my opinion a narrative based music video is more likely to be viewed just as much as people like listening to it. Music videos are made to be watched as well as listened to.

3.33) "We compensate imaginatively for what we do not see in the frame" p.41 Agreed?

Yes I strongly agree to this. The human mind automatically links different shots and imagines what we should or would expect to see in the frame although it is not shown.

4.6)The constant motion in a MV and the variances it shows means that a strong CU is a stable point. The MV 'brings us towards these peaks, holds us against them, and then releases us' p43, do you agree?

Yes I agree. The close up, otherwise known as the beauty shot allows the singer to create prestige within its audience. This shot is used to really sell the singer and their forthcoming track.

4.12) Is the viewer 'sutured (stitched) into the diesgests of the film world through the editing?

Yes, entirely. The way in which a shot is edited can completely differ the way in which viewers interpret it. A narrative can easily be changed if the shots were put in another order. Furthermore, editing techniques (short snappy shots or long shots) can change the mood the audience is experiencing. I.e Snappy shots tend to create tension and confusion.

4.14) MV is freer in terms of viewer indentification and perspective - agreed?

I half agree with this statement. Although music videos don't tend to have a strong story line and therefore the viewer can imagine beyond the shots, music videos are very short that the audience won't have time to think of it from a different perspective.

Stan - Eminem

For class researched we were asked to analyse Eminem - Stan. Stan is the third single from the Marshall Mathers LP, by rapper Eminem featuring Dido. This music video is about a fan who is obsessed with Eminem but doesnt ever receive a reply to a single letter. He then gives up on all hope, ties his girlfriend up and puts her in the trunk of the car - and then drove off a bridge and died. This is a narrative video in which the image illustrates the lyrics.

The overall look of the video is very depressing. The stormy weather mirrors Stans temper as he starts to get annoyed when Eminem doesn't reply to his mails. When Stan says "I got a room full of your posters and your pictures, man" the viewer is taken into his room where it's full of posters and photos of Eminem. This simply anchors the lyrics. Overall, the editing is much slower as the video is telling a story as oppose to a performance

Towards the end of the video the editing cuts quicken; creating tension and anxiety. There are many close ups - this makes the viewer unaware of the surroundings and feel chlastrophobic and uncomfortable as they have no idea whats going to happy next. It creates enigma.

The extreme long shot emphasises the height of the fall from the bridge. It is then followed by a birds eye view to signify the vulnerability of Stan and his pregnant girlfriend.

camera work/movements

Camera shots and movements are one of the most crucial things for a successful music video. I am going to use Practice what you preach - Barry White to illustrate different types of shots and what they can signify.

Framing - creates voyeurism. In Barry Whites' video the female is framed within the arched pillars this perhaps portays how she is like a showpiece/trophee girl for the male.
Scopophilic camera work - The camera focuses on erogenous parts of the human body. This especially attracts the male audience and perhaps bisexual people. This is done repetitively throughout the music video.
Music videos are either performance, narrative or abstract. This video is a performance based video with the concept of 'relationships'

Aerosmith feat Run DMC - walk this way

This music video is one of the most interesting yet stereotypical videos I've researched. The wall divinding the screen throughout most of the video sets a clear division between Aerosmith and Run DMC. Aerosmith as a whole are more confident, indie white people who wear leather bare chest and dance with microphone stands whereas Run DMC is stereotyping black, RnB music. The lack of instruments, big decks and speakers asswell as the dress code: Slick suits, gold bling and trainers steretype the agressional rappers.

Key features of a music video

3 codes a music video works around - MUSIC, LYRICS, ICONOGRAPHY.

A music video should provide pleasure and keep the viewer engaged throughout, it should also encourage repeat viewings.

Here are a few ways which makes a music video engaging:

Hidden meanings - every time the viewer watched the video they find out something else that they may not have noticed when watching it the first time.

Aspirational dance routines

social pleasure/sexual representations - A Boy band music video, e.g JLS - Beat it (2009) would attract a female audience and perhaps gay people. A female singer e.g Lady Gaga - Paparazzi would attract males by the little clothes the female wears but could also perhaps attract lesbians.

Nostalgic pleasure - E.g Madonna's debut single - Lucky Star provides nostalgic pleasure as it takes the audience into 80's pop. Another great example is Christina Aguilera - Candy man. Costumes, hairstyles, make up are all very 60's.

A few analysis notes:

Madonnas music video of Like a Virgin (1984) tends to amplify lyrics as oppose to illustrate or disjuncture it. The music video overall is very pure and natural - especially with the water and animals. The white sheets simply anchor the purity in the song. The lyrics are possibly about a man who has this touch which makes Madonna feel like a virgin; young and innocent. The Lion in the music video perhaps represents the power/king-like personality of the male.

The camera always returns to Madonna every few second. These beauty shots are used to really sell the singer. The video can also be anticipated as being very sexual through hidden meanings. I.e the long boat going through the tunnel and the panting lion causes the audience to see the video in a sexual way. The female audience see Madonna in a narcissistical way as oppose to the male audience who see her in a sexual way.